Mass spectrometer
Mass Spectrometer is a device to measure mass. Mass spectrometers separate compounds based on a…
Chau Pham
Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus emits particles or light waves. Isotopes are…
Optical Instruments, including the human eye
Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from the simple magnifying…
Lens aberration
Lens aberration is the deviation of light rays from a single focus; a defect in…
Combination of lenses
An array of simple lenses with a common axis can be used to multiply the…
Thin Lenses
A thin lens allows rays to refract but does not allow properties such as dispersion…
Spherical mirrors
A mirror is a reflective surface that light does not pass through, made by a…
Conditions for total internal reflection
Total internal reflection happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle…
Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength
Dispersion is defined as the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths.…
Refraction, refractive index n; Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
Refraction: when light ray changes its direction in a new medium depending on the incident…