Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion
The Golgi apparatus, a series of flattened membranes, sorts and packages materials before they leave…
Cindy Ma
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and…
Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides
A type of organelle found in both animal and plant cells, a peroxisome is a…
Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down parts of…
Mitochondria
One of the major features distinguishing prokaryotes from eukaryotes is the presence of mitochondria. Mitochondria…
Nucleus
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound nuclei that house the cell’s DNA. The nucleus is the control…
Denaturing and Folding
Proteins can change their shape and may become unfolded and therefore dysfunctional (denatured) when exposed…
Quaternary structure
The overall 3D structure of a protein which is made up of multiple polypeptide chains…
Conformational Stability
A protein’s stability depends on the hydrophobic interactions between amino acid side chains within its…
Separation Techniques
Due to the attributes and interactions of amino acid residues, proteins have unique characteristics that…