Photoelectric effect
When light strikes materials, it can eject electrons from them. This is called the Photoelectric…
Electronic Structure
Effective nuclear charge
The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a…
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine both the position and…
Bohr Atom
According to the Bohr model, or planetary model, the electrons encircle the nucleus of the…
Conventional notation for electronic structure
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration…
Paramagnetism and diamagnetism
A diamagnetic atom has a net spin of zero as all electrons are paired up…
Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle
The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the…
Absorption and emission line spectra
Every element has a unique atomic absorption and emission line spectrum. One way for atoms…
Ground state, excited states
An atom can be at its lowest energy state, ground state, or gain energy to…
Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number n, number of electrons per orbital
A hydrogen atom is electrically neutral, containing a single proton and a single electron bound…