Prions (misfolded proteins) and viroids (single-stranded RNA particles) are pathogens that are smaller than viruses. Prions and…

In transduction, bacteriophages move short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another “by accident.” Bacteriophages,…

Retroviruses, like HIV, have single-stranded RNA and contain reverse transcriptase to convert it to double-stranded…

For a typical virus, the lifecycle can be divided into five broad steps: attachment, entry,…

Viruses must infect a host cell to hijack their reproductive machinery to replicate; they cannot…