Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions
Reactions can either release or absorb energy in the form of heat; Endothermic reactions absorb…
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Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation
Three types of heat transfer that can occur in a system are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the…
Measurement of Heat Changes (calorimetry), Heat Capacity, Specific Heat
Calorimetry is the study of transferring energy via heat, which is energy transferred from the…
Second Law: Concept of Entropy
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy (or disorder) of a system is…
Photoelectric effect
When light strikes materials, it can eject electrons from them. This is called the Photoelectric…
Effective nuclear charge
The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a…
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine both the position and…
Bohr Atom
According to the Bohr model, or planetary model, the electrons encircle the nucleus of the…
Conventional notation for electronic structure
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration…
Paramagnetism and diamagnetism
A diamagnetic atom has a net spin of zero as all electrons are paired up…