Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom/molecule to attract electrons. Electronegativity is a property that…
Shannon
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron.…
First and Second Ionization Energy
The ionization energy of a chemical species (i.e., an atom or molecule) is the energy…
Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied principal energy level of an atom. Elements…
Sensory Receptors
The sensory receptors are cells specialized to detect the signals of various senses such as…
Visual Processing
Visual processing is the interpretation of otherwise raw sensory data to produce visual perception. The…
Hydration, The Hydronium Ion
When water is used as the solvent, the dissolving process is called hydration. Hydronium is…
Anion, Cation: Common Names, Formulas and Charges for Familiar Ions
Ionic compounds are named after their cation and anion. Any atom or molecule with a…
Buffers
A buffer is a solution of weak acid and conjugate base or weak base and…
Equilibrium Constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb
The acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid…