Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA; double helix
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is formed into a double helix structure that consists of two polymer…
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Nucleotide and Nucleoside Composition
Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar molecule, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.…
Dipole–Dipole Interactions
Dipole–dipole interactions are a type of intermolecular force that exists when molecules with permanent dipoles…
London Dispersion Forces
London Dispersion Forces are the weakest intermolecular force and exist when a temporary dipole forms…
Hydrogen Bonding
A hydrogen bond is a strong intermolecular force between a hydrogen atom bonded to an…
Denaturing and Folding
Proteins can change their shape and may become unfolded and therefore dysfunctional (denatured) when exposed…
Quaternary structure
The overall 3D structure of a protein which is made up of multiple polypeptide chains…
Conformational Stability
A protein’s stability depends on the hydrophobic interactions between amino acid side chains within its…