Sarcomeres: “I” and “A” Bands, “M” and “Z” Lines, “H” Zone
Sarcomeres are contractile units of skeletal muscle that divide into “I” and “A” bands, “M”…
AAMC Outline
Organization of Contractile Elements: Actin and Myosin Filaments, Crossbridges, Sliding Filament Model
In the sliding filament model, the actin and myosin filaments pass each other, forming cross-bridges…
Expressing cloned genes
Expressing cloned genes in host cells to get their protein products requires careful selection of…
Functions in Thermoregulation
One function of the integumentary system is thermoregulation, the process that allows the body to…
Physical Protection
The skin provides an overlaying protective barrier from the environment and pathogens while contributing to…
Antigen presentation
Antigen presentation broadly consists of pathogen recognition, phagocytosis of the pathogen or its molecular components,…
Regulation by nervous control
Involuntary respiration is controlled by the respiratory centers of the upper brainstem. The cerebral cortex…
Capillary beds
The capillary bed is an interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ—the more metabolically…
Stereochemistry of Covalently Bonded Molecules
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but have a different arrangement of…
Meters
An instrument used to measure currents is called an ammeter, and to measure potential difference:…