Cell–Cell Communication in Development
As the embryo develops past the eight cell stage, the cells become different from one…
AAMC Outline
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the fluid (blood) against the walls of the blood…
Four-chambered heart: structure and function
The heart is a complex muscular organ that pumps blood through the three divisions of…
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide between the…
Breathing mechanisms
The breathing mechanisms of most mammals include two parts: inhalation and exhalation. These mechanisms depend…
Structure of lungs and alveoli
The lungs are the respiratory organs of the body. The respiratory tract starts from the…
Cell Specialization
Cell determination and differentiation define how generic embryonic cells become specialized cells. Determination is an irreversible commitment of…
Environment–Gene Interaction in Development
An offspring’s normal development is governed by the genetic material inherited from the parental egg…
Neural Crest
The neural crest, a two-strip tissue running lengthwise above the neural tube, develops the peripheral…
Major Structures Arising Out of Primary Germ Layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are the major structures arising out of the primary germ layers.…